Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that affects development or everyday functioning; it is not simply high energy, boredom or poor discipline.
How ADHD can appear
Inattention may involve difficulties sustaining attention, organising time and materials, following through or keeping track of detail. Hyperactivity and impulsivity may involve restlessness, excessive talking, difficulty waiting and acting before consequences have been considered.
The presentation changes with age. An adult may experience internal restlessness, chronic disorganisation or impulsive decisions without obvious running or climbing. Intense focus on a highly interesting task does not rule out ADHD; the central difficulty is regulating attention and action according to changing demands.
A reliable assessment
- Symptoms persist for at least six months, are inconsistent with developmental level and clearly affect social, educational or occupational functioning.
- Several symptoms were present before age 12 and occur in at least two settings, such as home, school, work or relationships.
- Assessment uses developmental history and information from relevant settings; a scan, EEG or online questionnaire cannot confirm ADHD on its own.
Treatment and practical support
Support may include clear routines, short instructions, written reminders, reduced distractions, planned breaks and reasonable school or workplace adjustments. Parent training can provide positive structure where appropriate and does not imply that caregivers caused ADHD.
A specialist may recommend stimulant or non-stimulant medication when difficulties remain significant, with health checks and ongoing monitoring. Structured psychological support, often including CBT elements, may help adolescents and adults with organisation, emotional regulation, impulsivity and self-esteem.
When to seek help
Seek an assessment when attention or impulsivity difficulties are persistent across settings and affect learning, work, relationships or safety. Sudden new inattention, confusion or a marked personality change requires medical assessment and should not be assumed to be ADHD.